Background/Aims: The optimal time point for initiating renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease remains controversial. The primary objective of our study was to determine the effects of residual renal function at the beginning of renal replacement therapy on the mortality of patients with end-stage renal disease. Methods: We retrospectively studied the clinical outcomes in patients (n=210) with end-stage renal disease who underwent renal replacement therapy at our hospital between 2000 and 2005; all patients were followed for more than 1 year. We used the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation to estimate residual renal function. Results: Of the 210 patients who received renal replacement therapy, 108 were treated with hemodialysis and 102 were treated with peritoneal dialysis. Thirty-three patients died, and the mean survival period was 37.3±17.7 months. The survival rates were compared based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate; no differ