To determine the microbiological characteristics of ddeok cha, which is known as a Korean traditional microbial-fermented tea, bacterial and fungal communities of ddeok cha were analyzed by using a pyrosequencing method. Total genomic DNAs were extracted from ddeok cha directly. Ribosomal RNA genes were amplified and sequenced using specific primers for bacteria and fungi. A total of 12,851 reads (bacteria, 8,995; fungi, 3,586) were compared with known sequences in the database. Bacteria were assigned to five phyla, 25 families, 44 genera, and 104 species, whereas fungi were to five phyla, 41 families, 51 genera, and 69 species. Almost all of the bacteria (98.63%) were Gram-negative and members of the phylum Proteobacteria, of which the predominant genus was Pantoea (89.02%) followed by Erwinia (6.13%). Almost all of the fungi (98.86%) were acomycetes such as Dothideomycetes (60.97%) and Eurotiomycetes (31.55%). In this study, we found that microflora of ddeok cha could be distinguished from the predominant microflora (Aspergillus, Penicillium and yeast, Candida) of Pu-erh tea.