Fibromyalgia (FM) affects 1% to 5% of the population, and approximately 90% of theaffected individuals are women. FM patients experience impaired quality of life andthe disorder places a considerable economic burden on the medical care system. Withthe recognition of FM as a major health problem, many recent studies have evaluatedthe pathophysiology of FM. Although the etiology of FM remains unknown, it is thoughtto involve some combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure thattriggers further alterations in gene expression. Because FM shows marked familial aggregation,most previous research has focused on genetic predisposition to FM and hasrevealed associations between genetic factors and the development of FM, includingspecific gene polymorphisms involved in the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and catecholaminergicpathways. The aim of this review was to discuss the current evidenceregarding genetic factors that may play a role in the development and symptom severityof FM.